A new study by Queen Mary University of London mathematician Professor Ginestra Bianconi proposes a new perspective on one of ...

Exactly 200 years ago, a French engineer introduced an idea that would quantify the universe’s inexorable slide into decay. But entropy, as it’s currently understood, is less a fact about the world ...

When two black holes orbit each other, they eventually spiral inward and collide in one of the most violent phenomena in the ...

基于可验证奖励的强化学习（Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards，RLVR）正在成为大模型后训练的关键技术。数学题能判对错，代码能跑测试，可验证奖励让大模型可以通过强化学习持续提升推理能力。不过，在 RLVR 训练过程中，一个值得关注的问题是：模型并不总是越训练越会探索。随着策略熵（policy entropy）快速下降，模型输出可能逐渐同质化 ...

Entropy, the amount of molecular disorder, is produced in several systems but cannot be measured directly. A new equation sheds new light on how entropy is produced on a very short time scale in laser ...