Copyright: © 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.

Abstract: Massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) technology is a foundational element of 5G networks, designed to meet the surging demand for increased data rates and energy efficiency. This ...

Abstract: This letter proposes a compact low-profile 5G multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system. The system comprises four antenna elements: two main antennas and two diversity antennas.