The triple oxygen isotope composition (Δ’17O) of sulfate minerals is widely used to constrain ancient atmospheric pO2/pCO2 and rates of gross primary production. The utility of this tool is based o ...

Definitions of hypoxaemia, hypoxia, type 1 respiratory failure and hyperoxaemia Definition of hypercapnia and type 2 respiratory failure Definition of acidosis (respiratory acidosis and metabolic ...

This review focuses on the effects of altitude exposure from 1 to several days or weeks as occurs in tourists, trekkers, and mountaineers who visit high altitude and normally reside near sea level. We ...