Overview:  Compares the leading backend frameworks used by developers in 2026.Explains where FastAPI, Django, NestJS, Express.js, Spring Boot, Laravel, Go, ...

Every Python developer knows some or all of these libraries, because they’re stable, reliable, and excellent at what they do.

Abstract: We address the problem of federated learning (FL) where users are distributed and partitioned into clusters. This setup captures settings where different groups of users have their own ...